Spatial diffusion of electric vehicles in the German metropolitan region of Stuttgart

At the moment, interest in electric vehicles (EVs) is increasing worldwide, mainly due to concerns about climate change and rising prices of fossil fuels. EVs still have some significant drawbacks compared to gasoline-powered cars. However, a small part of the population is expected to adopt this technology already within the next years, because higher purchase costs and lower driving range are of less concern to them. They are called the “Early Adopters†of EVs. In this study we developed scenarios for the spatial diffusion of EVs up to 2020 in private households in the municipalities and urban districts of the metropolitan region of Stuttgart in Germany. First, hypotheses of Early Adopters of EVs were constructed based on social mobility profiles and the demands of car drivers. Secondly, the number of these potential adopters was calculated with statistical data for each municipality and urban district. In a third step, we developed a Bass diffusion model with System Dynamics to simulate the spatial diffusion of EVs in the region of Stuttgart. The increase of EV-ownership in each Early Adopter-type in a single municipality depends on the chosen values of the parameters “Advertisement effectivenessâ€, “Contact Rate†and “Adoption Fraction†of the Bass model. Furthermore, neighbourhood effects were modeled such that the increase of EVs in one municipality also depends on the increase of EVs in the neighbouring municipalities. In the baseline scenario, significant spatial differences in the diffusion of EVs up to 2020 become apparent: the highest number of EV-holders will be found in the urban areas of the region. There exist also differences in the number of EVs present at each Early Adopter-type: The “Urban trend-setter†is prevalent in the central districts of Stuttgart, while the “Multi-car family†is mostly located in the more rural municipalities of the region of Stuttgart. The “Dynamic senior citizen†is almost equally distributed in the urban and rural areas. The results of the spatial distribution of potential adopters of EVs can be used for the automobile industry’s marketing campaigns as well as to identify the regional demand for EV charging infrastructure.

Towards metropolitan regionalism. Stuttgart and Rome: two models in comparison

The process of “metropolisation” that has characterized the development of urbanization in contemporary cities over the last few decades, is being subjected to a transformation process oriented towards “regionalization” dynamics, where metropolitan regions become the engines of economic development and competitiveness on an international scale. The objective of a comparison between the experience of the Stuttgart region and that of metropolitan Rome, the largest municipality in Europe, is to contrast an example of an efficient, democratic and dynamic regional government with the difficulties in administering a territory as complex as Rome, in an institutional and political framework that does not tend to foster chances of constituting new government models at a supra-municipal scale

Modelling the Development of a Regional Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles in Time and Space

This article presents a dynamic spatial model of the development of a charging infrastructure for electric vehicles in the German metropolitan region of Stuttgart. The model consists of several sub-models whose functioning and interactions are explained in detail. The first sub-model simulates the time-spatial development of electric vehicle ownership. The output of this module is used by the second component that determines the resulting demand for charging stations. To quantify this demand, the necessary utilisation of charging stations to allow for the profitability of the infrastructure is calculated. A final processing step simulates the mobility of EVs throughout the Region Stuttgart, and thus allows allocating the need for charging stations in space. We used our model to generate several scenarios of the development of a charging infrastructure in the Region Stuttgart until 2020. The main finding of this work is that the number of public charging stations needed for the region in the long run is quite low. If too many charging stations are installed the infrastructure will be under-utilized and thus cannot be operated economically. The simulation runs show that the installation of public charging infrastructure should be focused on the few biggest urban centres of the region. The scenarios also show that publicly accessible charging stations form only a minor part of the overall number of charging stations. Additionally, it can be seen that the exponential growth of electric vehicle ownership, with very few vehicles at the beginning, but large gains after a few years, requires high flexibility from stakeholders involved in the implementation of charging infrastructure for electric vehicles

Energetic phonons.

In a recent issue of Physical Review Letters (31, 215; 1973) Welte and Eisenmenger of Stuttgart University report that they have succeeded in generating extremely energetic phonons, with frequencies nu in the region of 1 THz (10^12 Hz), by using superconducting aluminium tunnel diodes

Pilot actions in European cities - Stuttgart

The field of urban climatology has a long tradition in Stuttgart. It exists as discipline in Stuttgart since 1938. Stuttgart was the first city to establish its own Department of Climatology to research ways of improving the flow of fresh air into the city and to reduce thermal stress in most populated city districts. The specialist department of Urban Climatology, within the Environmental Protection Office, deals with tasks relating to environmental meteorology within the scope of air pollution control and also relating to urban and global climate protection. So in Stuttgart the urban heat island phenomenon (UHI) is studied for several decades, leading to a high level understanding of the UHI and the problems which it causes. The UHI causes an increase in air temperatures and thermal stress, that are identified as most negative impacts on human health and urban living. In the view of global climate change and the predicted temperature rise for the Stuttgart region of 1.5–2 K in this century, the negative impacts of UHI on human health and urban living will become more problematic in the future. According to the results of climate models the frequency of very hot days is expected to jump by nearly 30 % at the end of the century. The rising temperatures due to the global climate change in combination with the temperature shift as a result of the UHI will intensify the heat stress in urban areas, that leads to a significant increasing risk to human health, in particular to the very young and elderly. Not least due its importance for the human health and the quality of urban life in Stuttgart, the UHI is focussed by urban planners and is noticed by the future development of the city. Within the pilot action study in Stuttgart several measure for reducing the UHI and the impacts on urban living and human health are analysed by the use of micro-scale and macro-scale simulations. With the help of these analysis realisable measure are selected. The most useful measures are implemented into a developmoutline plan for the redevelopment of the city district Stuttgart-West by the municipal urban planners

Lokale Arbeitsmärkte für ausländische Arbeitskräfte in Deutschland : berufliche Veränderungsprozesse am Beispiel dreier idealtypischer Arbeitsmarktregionen (Local labour markets for foreign workers in Germany : occupational processes of change, taking as an example three ideal-typical labour market regions)

"This article examines the extent to which the structure of foreign workers in three different types of local labour market adapted to the respective structure of indigenous workers between 1980 and 1990. The Ruhr district is examined as an example of a traditional industrial region, Frankfurt as an example of a service region and Stuttgart as an example of 'high-tech production' and quality production in engineering. The report takes as a starting point the thesis that the patterns of employment of the foreign workers is gradually adapting to the demand pattern of the labour markets. Corresponding alignment processes are expected to take place more quickly in regions with a low rate of unemployment. Accordingly foreigners should be employed as skilled workers more often in Stuttgart than in the Ruhr district and more foreigners should be found in the services sector in Frankfurt. The analyses of the IAB employment sample, however, do not confirm these assumptions overall. Although a higher proportion of foreign workers can be found in services in the Frankfurt region, in Stuttgart foreign workers are employed disproportionately often as unskilled or semi-skilled workers, and in the Ruhr district on the other hand foreign workers can be found increasingly in skilled worker positions. In the Ruhr district less favourable working conditions, lower wages and less secure employment prospects even in qualified employment fields have led to them being unattractive for indigenous workers. The gaps arising in these employment fields have been filled by foreign workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))ausländische Arbeitnehmer - Struktur, Beschäftigtenstatistik, Beschäftigtenstruktur, Stellung im Beruf, regionale Mobilität, regionaler Arbeitsmarkt, sektorale Verteilung, berufliche Mobilität, Ruhrgebiet, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Frankfurt/Main, Hessen, Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Search for the electric dipole excitations to the 3s1/2⊗[21+⊗31−]3s_{1/2} \otimes [2^{+}_{1} \otimes 3^{-}_{1}] multiplet in 117^{117}Sn

The odd-mass $^{117}$Sn nucleus was investigated in nuclear resonance fluorescence experiments up to an endpoint energy of the incident photon spectrum of 4.1 MeV at the bremsstrahlung facility of the Stuttgart University. More than 50 mainly hitherto unknown levels were found. From the measurement of the scattering cross sections model independent absolute electric dipole excitation strengths were extracted. The measured angular distributions suggested the spins of 11 excited levels. Quasi-particle phonon model calculations including a complete configuration space were performed for the first time for a heavy odd-mass spherical nucleus. These calculations give a clear insight in the fragmentation and distribution of the $E1$, $M1$, and $E2$ excitation strength in the low energy region. It is proven that the $1^{-}$ component of the two-phonon $[2^{+}_{1} \otimes 3^{-}_{1}]$ quintuplet built on top of the $1/2^{+}$ ground state is strongly fragmented. The theoretical calculations are consistent with the experimental data.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figure

Is Green Infrastructure a Game Changer for Sustainable Regional Development? A Scenario Approach for Stuttgart Region

There are numerous challenges for municipalities and regions: affordable housing, overburdened infrastructure, air quality, increasing pressure on open spaces, expansion of renewable energies, climate adaptation. Certainly, the list is not complete. Moreover, these issues – as a typical characteristic of complex situations – interact with one another in various ways. As one of Germany’s most dynamic and densely populated locations the Stuttgart Region is particularly affected by these challenges. Therefore, protecting and developing the landscape is a longstanding concern of its overall spatial planning strategy (e.g. development-axes, regional green corridors, landscape park, public transport policy). In view of the sheer number of tasks, the ongoing dynamics as well as strongsectoral policy instruments, the question can be raised as to how far green infrastructure can be a game changer for a substantive transformation towards sustainability. Against this background, a scenario-approach is carried out aiming for the integration of various knowledge-areas into a supra-sectoral and strategic view on regional transformation. Taking the example of the Stuttgart Region, the diversity and interdependencies of land use are taken into consideration and synthesised in form of a qualitative system analysis. The scenario development is part of the RAMONA-project, which is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) in the framework of the “Stadt-Land-Plus”-measure. The project deals with the intervention regulation under the Nature Conservation Act1 (“Eingriffsregelung”) and inherent opportunities for urban and regional development. The scenario based approach therefore starts with open-space-indicators such as “degree of imperviousness”, “compensation measures” as well as “green infrastructures” and puts them into a wider perspective of socio-technical development (e. g. settlement structure, infrastructure, traffic volume, agriculture or health) in order to obtain comprehensive pictures of the Stuttgart Region in the year 2050

Analysis and Prediction of Electromobility and Energy Supply by the Example of Stuttgart

This paper seeks to identify bottlenecks in the energy grid supply regarding different market penetration of battery electric vehicles in Stuttgart, Germany. First, medium-term forecasts of electric and hybrid vehicles and the corresponding charging infrastructure are issued from 2017 to 2030, resulting in a share of 27% electric vehicles by 2030 in the Stuttgart region. Next, interactions between electric vehicles and the local energy system in Stuttgart were examined, comparing dif-ferent development scenarios in the mobility sector. Further, a travel demand model was used to generate charging profiles of electric vehicles under consideration of mobility patterns. The charg-ing demand was combined with standard household load profiles and a load flow analysis of the peak hour was carried out for a quarter comprising 349 households. The simulation shows that a higher charging capacity can lead to a lower transformer utilization, as charging and household peak load may fall temporally apart. Finally, it was examined whether the existing infrastructure is suitable to meet future demand focusing on the transformer reserve capacity. Overall, the need for action is limited; only 10% of the approximately 560 sub-grids were identified as potential weak points

Technical Systems, Organisation Forms and Social Implications: Statistical Analysis of the Firm Survey (Second Interim Report)

This is the second interim report of the research project "Information Society, Work and the Generation of New Forms of Social Exclusion" (SOWING). It is based on a firm survey conducted in the eight regions participating in the research project — Flanders (Belgium), Lazio (Italy), Niederösterreich (Austria), Portugal, the Republic of Ireland, the Stuttgart area (Germany), the Tampere region (Finland) and the West London area (U.K.). The aim of this report is to present a broad overview of the collected data. In general, only simple statistical methods have been applied. The report focuses on a regional comparison; however, the data have also been analysed by firm size, measured by quantity of staff, and industrial sector. It should be seen as a first step in the data analysis; it may also give some hints for a more strategic analysis of the survey data.Information Society; Work;